TEM sample preparation of lithographically patterned permalloy nanostructures on silicon nitride membranes

• Joshua Williams,
• Michael I. Faley,
• Joseph Vimal Vas,
• Peng-Han Lu and
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1–12, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.1

• configuration occurs only under the right diameter/thickness ratio, otherwise either a single or multiple magnetic domains will appear. After Py nanodots of various sizes were fabricated, we used Lorentz transmission electron microscopy (LTEM) and off-axis electron holography to study their magnetic domain

Influence of magnetic domain walls on all-optical magnetic toggle switching in a ferrimagnetic GdFe film

• Rahil Hosseinifar,
• Evangelos Golias,
• Ivar Kumberg,
• Quentin Guillet,
• Karl Frischmuth,
• Sangeeta Thakur,
• Mario Fix,
• Manfred Albrecht,
• Florian Kronast and
• Wolfgang Kuch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 74–81, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.5

• mechanisms: The first one is related to the shape of the magnetic domains as they are left directly after the all-optical switching and the force on the domain wall resulting from the balance of domain-wall and magnetostatic energy. Sharp domain features that would occur where domain walls are close to the

• Information File 1 for temperature-dependent magnetization loops. Magnetic domains were resolved using the photoemission electron microscope (PEEM) at the UE49-PGM SPEEM beamline of BESSY II. The acceleration potential between the sample and the first objective lens of the PEEM was set to 15 keV. X-ray

• ) gray contrast corresponds to magnetic domains having a positive (negative) projection of their magnetization direction on the X-ray incidence. Experiments were performed at a sample temperature of 50 K, which is below the magnetic compensation temperature (TM) of the ferrimagnet, as well as at 200 K

The patterning toolbox FIB-o-mat: Exploiting the full potential of focused helium ions for nanofabrication

• Victor Deinhart,
• Lisa-Marie Kern,
• Jan N. Kirchhof,
• Sabrina Juergensen,
• Joris Sturm,
• Enno Krauss,
• Thorsten Feichtner,
• Sviatoslav Kovalchuk,
• Michael Schneider,
• Dieter Engel,
• Bastian Pfau,
• Bert Hecht,
• Kirill I. Bolotin,
• Stephanie Reich and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 304–318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.25

• opposite out-of-plane magnetization in remanence. We are particularly interested in how ion irradiation changes the morphology of the magnetic domains and how it influences the nucleation and annihilation of domains in a typical adiabatic field cycle as well as after picosecond laser excitation [37][38

• than (−320 mT, Figure 5f). Remarkably, the domains in the irradiated areas shrink to a dense array of small bubble domains close to the saturation point (Figure 5f). Hence, through He-assisted sample fabrication, the formation of magnetic domains can be enhanced in a controlled manner, probably due to

• the increased density of pinning sites, that is, variations of the local anisotropy. Since the influence of different ion doses and pattern shapes on the formation of magnetic domains is not known a priori for different magnetic material systems, a lot of different combinations of doses and shapes

Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond for nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging applications

• Alberto Boretti,
• Lorenzo Rosa,
• Jonathan Blackledge and
• Stefania Castelletto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2128–2151, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.207

• || NV (x, y; z = d). An NV magnetometer has been applied to measure magnetic domains of magnetic skyrmions with nanoscale (10–100 nm) spin textures. This is a promising candidate for magnetic storage, due to the ultrasmall-scale features and low currents involved [56]. NV centers can extract the

Size limits of magnetic-domain engineering in continuous in-plane exchange-bias prototype films

• Alexander Gaul,
• Daniel Emmrich,
• Timo Ueltzhöffer,
• Henning Huckfeldt,
• Hatice Doğanay,
• Johanna Hackl,
• Muhammad Imtiaz Khan,
• Daniel M. Gottlob,
• Gregor Hartmann,
• André Beyer,
• Dennis Holzinger,
• Slavomír Nemšák,
• Claus M. Schneider,
• Armin Gölzhäuser,
• Günter Reiss and
• Arno Ehresmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2968–2979, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.276

• landscapes (MFLs) with dynamically varying external fields. These MFLs may emerge from magnetic domains engineered both in shape and in their local anisotropies. Motion control of smaller beads does necessarily need smaller magnetic patterns, i.e., MFLs varying on smaller lateral scales. The achievable size

• limit of engineered magnetic domains depends on the magnetic patterning method and on the magnetic anisotropies of the material system. Smallest patterns are expected to be in the range of the domain wall width of the particular material system. To explore these limits a patterning technology is needed

• . Keywords: exchange bias; helium ion microscopy; ion bombardment induced magnetic patterning; magnetic domains; magnetic nanostructures; Introduction Engineered magnetic domains with deliberately set magnetic properties and designed shapes in thin-film systems have proven to be useful in memory [1][2] and

Magnetic characterization of cobalt nanowires and square nanorings fabricated by focused electron beam induced deposition

• Federico Venturi,
• Gian Carlo Gazzadi,
• Amir H. Tavabi,
• Alberto Rota,
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski and
• Stefano Frabboni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1040–1049, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.97

• focus using L-TEM, the bright and dark fringes along its sides exhibit an asymmetry that is related directly to its local magnetization direction. When two magnetic domains with opposite directions are present in the same NW, the fringe contrast changes at a domain wall in a manner that can be described

• leftwards along the NW in (c) and (d) as the specimen tilt angle is increased, thus increasing the leftward-oriented component of the lens field in the sample plane (Beff). Blue and red arrows mark the opposite magnetic domains M1 and M2, respectively. (e) Hysteresis loop of the NW measured as a function of

Grazing-incidence optical magnetic recording with super-resolution

• Gunther Scheunert,
• Sidney. R. Cohen,
• René Kullock,
• Ryan McCarron,
• Katya Rechev,
• Ifat Kaplan-Ashiri,
• Ora Bitton,
• Paul Dawson,
• Bert Hecht and
• Dan Oron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 28–37, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.4

• through optical fibers. This will help implement larger light sources, which cannot be integrated in a recording head, such as ultra-short pulsed lasers [13]. MFM imaging of a HDD featuring PMR with magnetic domains being aligned parallel or antiparallel to the surface normal. (a) Sample piece as is and

Orientation of FePt nanoparticles on top of a-SiO₂/Si(001), MgO(001) and sapphire(0001): effect of thermal treatments and influence of substrate and particle size

• Martin Schilling,
• Paul Ziemann,
• Zaoli Zhang,
• Johannes Biskupek,
• Ute Kaiser and
• Ulf Wiedwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 591–604, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.52

• desired L10 phase by an additional annealing step. Accompanying this structural transformation, one observes highly anisotropic magnetic properties leading to, e.g., huge coercive fields in the Tesla range [4][8][9][10][11]. While ultrathin FePt films usually exhibit large magnetic domains, the use of

Influence of the shape and surface oxidation in the magnetization reversal of thin iron nanowires grown by focused electron beam induced deposition

• Luis A. Rodríguez,
• Lorenz Deen,
• Rosa Córdoba,
• César Magén,
• Etienne Snoeck,
• Bert Koopmans and
• José M. De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1319–1331, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.136

• already multidomain-type, as shown in Figure 10. Indeed, for nominal thicknesses of 30 and 35 nm, the switching is produced through the formation and displacement of several magnetic domains along the nanowire length. The example of the 30 nm nanowire is shown in Figure 10a. For tNom = 40 and 50 nm, the

Cathode lens spectromicroscopy: methodology and applications

• T. O. Menteş,
• G. Zamborlini,
• A. Sala and
• A. Locatelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1873–1886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.198

Tuning the properties of magnetic thin films by interaction with periodic nanostructures

• Ulf Wiedwald,
• Felix Haering,
• Stefan Nau,
• Carsten Schulze,
• Herbert Schletter,
• Denys Makarov,
• Alfred Plettl,
• Karsten Kuepper,
• Manfred Albrecht,
• Johannes Boneberg and
• Paul Ziemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 831–842, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.93

• reversal mode was strongly altered compared to the thin film reference. By detailed MFM investigations we have shown that magnetic domains first nucleate at particle positions and propagate further until pinning eventually occurs at the next particle position, i.e., a defect in the film morphology. Thus

• simulations [32]. Conclusion On the way towards alternative magnetic storage media, we have tested possible realizations of percolated media, consisting of magnetic films on top of periodic nanostructures. Such structures, realized by particle self-assembly techniques are able to effectively pin magnetic

• domains at the imprinted particle-induced defect structures. We generally observe enhanced coercive fields while the switching-field distribution is broadened compared to their continuous film counterparts. In the first part of this contribution we presented results on nanostructuring techniques such as

qPlus magnetic force microscopy in frequency-modulation mode with millihertz resolution

• Maximilian Schneiderbauer,
• Daniel Wastl and
• Franz J. Giessibl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 174–178, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.18

• between a tip atom with fixed spin orientation and a sample atom is measured (Figure 1c). Imaging magnetic domains by Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM) [6][7] is nowadays well-established. MFM images the magnetic-dipole interaction of a ferromagnetic tip and a domain-structured sample (Figure 1a). Typically

Review and outlook: from single nanoparticles to self-assembled monolayers and granular GMR sensors

• Alexander Weddemann,
• Inga Ennen,
• Anna Regtmeier,
• Camelia Albon,
• Annalena Wolff,
• Katrin Eckstädt,
• Nadine Mill,
• Michael K.-H. Peter,
• Jochen Mattay,
• Carolin Plattner,
• Norbert Sewald and
• Andreas Hütten

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2010, 1, 75–93, doi:10.3762/bjnano.1.10

• magnetization of nanoparticles is dominated by finite size and surface effects [39][40]. The magnetic structure of macroscopic magnetic materials is divided into magnetic domains. Along these domains, magnetic moments have a parallel alignment, different domains are separated by domain walls. In comparison to a

• stiffness on the mesoscale. Therefore, magnetic domains can only be found above a certain geometrical size scale; this is also the reason why the electrodes of the sensors discussed in Section 3.1 show no domain substructure. Due to such stiffness, elements are no longer sensitive to small field variations

• response as shown in Figure 17(c). Contrary, hexagonal assemblies show almost no hysteresis which is due to a different equilibrium state. Within the hexagonal lattice, magnetic domains are formed (Figure 17(b), highlighted areas) similar to the domain formation in ferromagnetic materials. However, the